URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

The web address used to locate a resource on the internet. URLs are included in citations for online sources to help readers access the original material. Unlike DOIs, URLs can change over time, so an access date is often required.

Why it matters

URLs allow readers to access online sources directly, which is essential in an era when much academic and non-academic content is published exclusively on the web. However, URLs are less reliable than DOIs because web pages can be moved, restructured, or taken down. Using the correct URL format in your citation ensures readers can verify your sources.

How to use

Copy the URL directly from your browser's address bar and include it in the citation. In APA 7th edition, present the URL as a live hyperlink and do not add a period after it. If a DOI is available, always prefer the DOI over the URL. For sources that may change (like a live webpage), include a "Retrieved [date]" statement if your citation style requires it.

In academic writing

Students frequently cite online sources including websites, reports, news articles, and government publications that use URLs instead of DOIs. APA 7th edition simplified URL formatting by eliminating the "Retrieved from" prefix for most stable sources, though it is still required for content that may change over time. When citing online journal articles, always check for a DOI before falling back to a URL.